High School Physics
In this post, we are going to discuss BCD Adder Design steps. A BCD adder is a circuit that adds two BCD digits in parallel and produces a sum digit which is also in BCD. A BCD adder must include the correction logic (i.e. add 6 command) in its internal construction. A block diagram for […]
In this post, we will study the design procedure of a 4 to 2 Priority Encoder step by step.
A full adder circuit is a combinational logic circuit that performs the addition of three bits and produces the Sum and Carry as an output. As per the title of this post, we are going to focus on building the full adder circuit using two 4:1 Multiplexers.
7476 TTL is a commercially used JK flip flop based IC. The logic symbol and the truth table for the commercial 7476 TTL JK flip flop are shown in Fig.1(a) & (b).
In this post on Digital IC (Integrated Circuit), we will study the Pin diagram of a TTL IC. We will also take a Logic diagram for a two-input AND gate circuit and then come up with a Wiring diagram to implement the two-input AND function. IC Pin diagram | Pin diagram of a TTL IC […]
In this post, we will discuss IC Packaging or Integrated Circuit Packaging. In this process, we will also learn about the Dual-in-line package or DIP IC Package, and Surface Mount IC packages (SMT) packages. IC Packaging | Integrated Circuit Packaging A traditional type of IC is illustrated in Fig1(a). This case style is referred to […]
In this post, we will discuss different types of digital Integrated circuits or IC and also know about their IC Nomenclature, part numbers, etc. We will also learn about (a) Marking on a typical digital IC, and (b) Decoding the part number on a typical IC. Integrated Circuit – TTL (Nomenclature) The top of a […]
In this post, we will find the difference between combinational and sequential circuits, and as well as we will define different types of counters (Ripple counter or Asynchronous counter, Synchronous counter, down counter, and up counter). Difference between combinational and sequential circuits Digital logic circuits are classified into two groups, and these are Combinational logic […]
In this post on Irregular Sequence Counter, we will design a counter for an irregular sequence using J-K flip-flops with step-by-step analysis.
In this post, we will discuss the Lockout condition and how to avoid it. We will also design a sequence generator to avoid lockout conditions. What is Lockout Condition in a counter? In a synchronous counter or sequence generator, if the counter or sequence generator finds itself in some unused state, the next state is […]
Problem statement: Draw the output waveform for the OR gate and the given pulsed input waveforms of Fig. 1 (a). SolutionFigure 1(b) shows the output waveform. It can be drawn by following the truth table of the OR gate.
How would you hardware-implement a four-input OR gate using two-input OR gates only? SolutionFigure 1 shows one possible arrangement of two-input OR gates that simulates a four-input OR gate. A, B, C and D are logic inputs and Y3 is the output. Figure 2 shows another possible arrangement. In the case of Fig. 1, the […]
An OR gate performs an ORing operation on two or more than two logic variables. The OR operation on two independent logic variables A and B is written as Y = A+B and reads as Y equals A OR B and not as A plus B. An OR gate is a logic circuit with two […]
A truth table lists all possible combinations of input binary variables and the corresponding outputs of a logic system. The logic system output can be found from the logic expression, often referred to as the Boolean expression, that relates the output with the inputs of that very logic system. When the number of input binary […]
The binary variables can have either of the two states, i.e. the logic ‘0’ state or the logic ‘1’ state. These logic states in digital systems such as computers, for instance, are represented by two different voltage levels or two different current levels. Positive and negative logic systems come into picture here. Positive and Negative […]
Two special logic circuits that occur quite often in digital systems are the exclusive-OR and exclusive-NOR circuits. In this post, we will talk about Exclusive-NOR. [ Read about Exclusive-OR here ] Exclusive-NOR The circuit that produces a HiGH output whenever the two inputs are at the same level is called the Exclusive-NOR. The exclusive-NOR circuit […]
Two special logic circuits that occur quite often in digital systems are the exclusive-OR and exclusive-NOR circuits. In this post, we will talk about Exclusive-OR. [ Read about exclusive-NOR here] Exclusive-OR The circuit that produces a HiGH output whenever the two inputs are at opposite levels is called the Exclusive-OR.This is the exclusive-OR circuit, which […]
Two of the most important theorems of Boolean algebra were contributed by a great mathematician named DeMorgan. DeMorgan’s theorems are extremely useful in simplifying expressions in which a product or sum of variables is inverted. The two theorems are represented as shown in figure 1 below: Statements of DeMorgan’s theorems Theorem (1) of DeMorgan says […]
Boolean algebra can be used to help analyze a logic circuit and express its operation mathematically. We will study Boolean algebra by investigating the various boolean theorems (rules) that can help us to simplify logic expressions and logic circuits. Boolean theorems (rules of Boolean algebra) The first group of theorems is given in Figure 1. […]
It is very easy to design simple, accurate electronic circuits that operate with only two voltage levels. For this reason, almost every digital system uses the binary (base-2) number system as the basic number system of its operations. Other number systems (like the decimal system) are often used to interpret or represent binary quantities for […]
In this post, we will cover Decimal System with examples. The decimal system is composed of 10 numerals or symbols. These 10 symbols are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; using these symbols as digits of a number, we can express any quantity. Decimal System or base-10 system with examples The […]
Implementation of Boolean function using multiplexer – In this post, we will solve a numerical problem based on Multiplexers. We also see how to implement the Boolean function using Multiplexers. Here, we have used 8:1 MUX.
In this post, we will discuss the Design steps of the 4-bit asynchronous up counter using J-K flip-flops. In a binary counter, if flip-flops do not change states in exact synchronism with the applied clock pulses then the counter is called asynchronous binary counter. In this counter, each FF output drives the CLK input of […]
In this post, we will discuss the Design steps of the 4-bit (MOD-16) synchronous up counter using the J-K flip-flop. We will start off by answering a few related questions first. What is synchronous counter? In a synchronous counter, the clock input terminals of all flip-flops are commonly connected. Therefore, the same clock pulse simultaneously […]
This post covers Latches and Flip-flops with a set of questions and answers. The topics discussed will help to understand the concepts related to latches and flip-flops, and the difference between latches and flip-flops. Flip-flop – definition Flip-flops are synchronous bi-stable devices, also known as bi-stable multivibrators. In this case, the term synchronous means that […]
In this post, we will cover flip flop and different aspects of it, like types of flip flop, logic symbols, truth table, and applications of flip flop.
In this post, we will study the Clocked S-R flip-flop & Clocked D Flip-Flop. S-R flip-flop is also called R-S flip-flop. We have used both the terms here. Clocked S-R flip-flop The RS flip flop is considered one of the most basic sequential logic circuits. The flip-flop is a one bit bistable memory device. It […]
In this post, we present a detailed write-up on MOD-6 (Modulus-6) ripple counter (study & revision notes). We know that n-bit asynchronous counters can count N = 2n clock pulses, Where n = Number of Flip Flops. For example, a 3-bit counter has 8 different states (0 to 7) and it is a MOD-8 counter. […]
In this post, we will study the Propagation Delay in Ripple Counters. We will also solve a sample Numerical problem to illustrate the effect of propagation delays in a 4-bit asynchronous binary counter. Propagation Delay in Ripple Counters – explained Ripple counters are the simplest type of binary counters because they require the fewest components […]
In this post, we will know about Asynchronous inputs (or Preset & Clear inputs) of the flip-flop sequential circuit. Asynchronous input versus Synchronous input of flip-flop For the clocked flip-flops, the S, R, J, K, D, and T inputs are normally referred to as control inputs. These are also called synchronous inputs because their effect […]
In this post, we will study the Race Around Condition in JK flip flop. But before that, we will study the Logic symbol, truth table, operation of Positive-edge triggered JK flip-flop, and the JK Excitation Table or JK Transition Table. Finally we will find how to avoid the race around condition in JK flip flop. […]
This post covers the Asynchronous modulus counter with the help of a set of frequently asked questions (FAQs) and answers. What does it mean by the term modulus of a counter? The modulus of a counter is the number of unique states through which the counter will sequence. The maximum possible number of states (maximum […]
In this post, we will discuss Asynchronous Decade Counters. To start with we will briefly see what an asynchronous counter is and then we will find what a decade counter is. In a binary counter, if flip-flops do not change states in exact synchronism with the applied clock pulses then the counter is called asynchronous […]
In this post, we will discuss the modulus-M (MOD-M) asynchronous counter and its design procedure. What is a modulus-M (MOD-M) counter? A modulus-M counter is a counter where M represents the number of states present in the counter. Here M <= 2n , where ‘n’ represents the number of flip-flops required to design the modulus-M […]
In this post, we are going to cover the JK flip flop and discuss its operation, truth table, and excitation table. This post will help students to prepare for the semester & GATE examination.
This post presents a bunch of numerical problems on the asynchronous counter (or ripple counter) & synchronous counter. You will get solutions to the problems as well. Students preparing for B.E./B.Tech semester examinations and GATE will find this post and the numerical problems useful. Problem number 1 Problem statement: Calculate the frequency of a 4-bit […]
This post covers Flip-Flop Sequential Circuit in detail with the help of a set of questions on the fundamentals of Flip-flop. Also, find answers to these. We hope, the Students who are interested to learn digital electronics and preparing for exams like GATE will find this post useful. Flip-Flop Sequential Circuit Here is a set […]
Here, we will study Binary Counter Sequential Circuit with the help of a set of questions and answers. We hope that students who are interested to learn digital electronics and preparing for exams like GATE will find this post useful. Binary Counter Sequential Circuit Here are the questions on the Binary counter sequential circuit with […]
In this post, we will discuss the following topics: (a) Asynchronous Up counter for Positive edge-triggered flip-flops & (b) Asynchronous Up counter for Negative edge-triggered flip-flops. For both of these, we will refer to the Logic diagram, Timing diagram, and operational details of the counter. Asynchronous Up counter for Positive edge-triggered flip-flops In this section, […]
In this post, we will discuss A 3-Bit Asynchronous Binary Counter in UP counting mode. An asynchronous counter is one in which the flip-flops (FF) within the counter do not change states at exactly the same time because they do not have a common clock pulse. In the next section, we will find what exactly […]
